RESEARCH PAPER
Reclaiming the man-made plain: ecological factors influencing the colonization of the wolf Canis lupus in the Western Po Plain (NW Italy)
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Dept of Chemistry
Univ. of Pavia
3
Dipartimento Scienze Territorio Ambiente
Online publication date: 2025-05-19
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ABSTRACT
The wolf Canis lupus is recolonizing the Po plain with variable intensity and patterns depending on the areas; in the province of Lodi, colonization by wolves seems to occur very quickly due to the proximity of the Trebbia and Nure valleys, whose wolf packs fuel the species dispersal. Between 2019 to 2024, we collected 109 observations for a total of 183 wolves, which settled in the central-southern part of the province, selecting the hilly areas and the banks of the Po, Adda and Lambro rivers. Intensive monitoring has provided useful data to estimate some population parameters; the average litter size was 4.8 pups and the pack size was 8-9 wolves, data in agreement with literature information, while the average density, 0.9 ind./km2 (range = 0.73-1.09), was lower than that of several European protected populations and close to the densities of culled ones. Roads, urban areas and meadows have a negative influence on the predator presence, which is favoured by green areas close to urban settlements and, though not significantly, by wetlands. On the other hand, a stable presence is favoured both by tree cover surrounded by extensive crops and by the presence of wetlands and water basins, which can provide prey such as the coypu and perhaps make access to dens more difficult, thus reducing disturbance during reproduction. The road network has a negative effect on the presence/absence pattern of the wolf, but not on the stability of its settlement, despite the high mortality rate from vehicle collisions which can remove up to 75% of the annual litter produced by some pairs. The low density observed so far makes a population increase likely in the next few years, but the speed of recolonisation throughout the territory may slowed down by the high mortality rate that hinders post-reproductive dispersal.