Abstract Lynx lynx has spontaneously recolonized the Italian Alps, coming from the populations created by reintroductions in neighbouring countries. The study period began in 1976 with a survey carried out by Ragni, and since 1987 it has continued with a detailed monitoring programme. The first evidence of the species dates back to 1980-1982. In this work the techniques of the naturalistic method have been used to investigate the distribution, evidence for reproduction, and estimate the population size. In the last 15 years the area used by the lynx has progressively increased. Six reproductions have been observed. The size of the population was estimated at about 21 individuals (Central-Eastern Alps). Within the time period considered, the illegal killing of two individuals was recorded. Additionally there is some information about six other poached lynx. Livestock damage has not been reported recently.