RESEARCH PAPER
Temporal organization of golden jackal (Canis aureus, L. 1758) howling near a rural settlement: event-level evidence from passive acoustic monitoring
 
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Department "Anatomy, physiology and animal sciences", Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
 
 
Online publication date: 2026-09-13
 
 
Corresponding author
Pavlina Ivanova Hristova   

Department "Anatomy, physiology and animal sciences", Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
 
 
 
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ABSTRACT
The golden jackal (Canis aureus) is an ecologically adaptable social canid whose long-distance vocal behaviour remains insufficiently described under natural conditions, particularly in human-modified landscapes. This study examined the temporal and acoustic organisation of evening golden jackal howling recorded from a fixed location near a rural settlement in southeastern Bulgaria. Eight stereo recordings, probably representing repeated vocal activity of the same local social group, were analysed in Raven Pro using a standardised frequency range of 150-5000 Hz. A total of 65 individual vocal events and 57 inter-event intervals were identified. Vocal events had a median duration of 1.76 s (interquartile range: 1.26-2.21 s), whereas inter-event intervals had a median duration of 0.78 s (0.41-1.54 s). Vocal events were significantly longer than the intervals that separate them (Mann-Whitney U = 2780.5, p < 0.001, Cliff’s δ = 0.501), and 63.2% of all inter-event intervals were shorter than 1 s. No significant associations were detected between event duration and frequency 5%, centre frequency, frequency 95%, 90% bandwidth, peak frequency, aggregate entropy or average entropy after false-discovery-rate correction. Sequential analyses revealed significant positive associations between event duration and the following interval, between interval duration and the following event, and between the durations of consecutive events. These findings indicate that the recorded howling was organised into temporally coherent sequences rather than isolated acoustic emissions. The results provide event-level evidence of structured vocal timing in a free-ranging local golden jackal group and demonstrate the value of passive acoustic analysis for studying canid communication near human settlements. Because the recordings originated from one location and probably involved the same social group, the findings should be interpreted as a description of within-group vocal organisation rather than population-level variation.
eISSN:1825-5272
ISSN:0394-1914
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